Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. The deans and students of said academies defined the Geonic period in Jewish history. [194], Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70percent of Jews worldwide (and up to 90percent prior to World War II and the Holocaust). These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. [235] According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, about 470,000 people of Jewish heritage live in Latin-America and the Caribbean. The English word "Jew" continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh such as Deuteronomy 7:15, which forbade intermarriage between Jews' Israelite ancestors and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that [i.e. In 1983, in a seminal piece on the Jewish family, Dashefsky and Levine stated: "The evolution of the Jewish family is congruent with the evolution of Jewish society Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. Nearly 45 years later, the now-esteemed Jewish Family and Children's Services Holocaust Center is planning its largest expansion yet. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood, and religion are strongly interrelated,[19][20] as Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people, although its observance varies from strict to none. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. About one-in-four Jews (23%) say they have family incomes of $200,000 or more. [113][114], According to the Book of Ezra, the Persian Cyrus the Great ended the Babylonian exile in 538 BCE,[115] the year after he captured Babylon. [257][258], In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. Minister Mike Keller is Anna Duggar's father and appeared on the infamous Duggar family's TV show 19 Kids and Counting. "I don't know if you want to say home, but it was . In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. [132] The Jewish community in Galilee, which became the center of Jewish life in the Land of Israel after the revolt, reached a cultural apex during the late Roman period and two major rabbinic texts, the Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud, were composed there in the second to fourth centuries CE. [263], Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century,[264] as well as in Islamic Persia,[265] and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. ), in Arabic, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "Juif" (m.)/"Juive" (f.) in French, "jde" in Danish and Norwegian, "judo/a" in Spanish, "jood" in Dutch, "yd" in Polish etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" (Persian: /)) and Russian (, Yevrey). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. [165][166][167] Similarly, South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans. Hebrew, Aramaic and the rise of Yiddish. [72] Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother. Cozy T3 near Tours # St Pierre des Corps station. In 'Last Flight Home,' a Jewish family helps their father end his life By Andrew Lapin October 7, 2022 10:40 am Ondi Timoner and her father Eli Timoner in "Last Flight Home," Ondi's film about. (pp. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13million. [104], Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the Fertile Crescent. [206] North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. [220] Israel was established as an independent democratic and Jewish state on 14 May 1948. Many Jews believe that the Messiah will act a unifying leader for Jews and the entire world. Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. NYU Press, pp. [46] In these ways, Jews have also played a significant role in the development of Western culture.[47][48]. [86][87][88], Modern archaeology and the current historical view has largely discarded the historicity of this narrative. [168] Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies,[169][170] Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of Russian Jews, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. [309] For example, over 20percent[310][311][312][313][314][315] of Nobel Prize laureates have been of Jewish descent, with multiple winners in each category. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. So just in case you've missed it, here is the best Jewish (and Jew-ish) content on Netflix from 2021: Best new Jewish show: "The Club" I was absolutely not expecting "The Club" to entrance me the way it did. Family History Following World War II, the Jewish community began several large-scale undertakings to document the towns and people destroyed in the Holocaust. [89] It has been reframed as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth narrative. In a sentence such as There are now several Jews on the council, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like Jewish people or persons of Jewish background may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun. Israel, with its capital mostly in Samaria, was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power. Jun. The average U.S. Jew lives in a household of 2.7 people, including 2.1 adults and 0.6 children. George Soros, the legendary investor, philanthropist and right-wing target, is handing control of his $25 billion empire to a younger son Alexander Soros, a self-described center-left thinker . However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'tat, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the House of David for the whole four centuries of its existence. [215], According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics there were 13,421,000 Jews worldwide in 2009, roughly 0.19percent of the world's population at the time. [108] Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language. Theodor Herzl, who is considered the father of political Zionism,[139] offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State); a year later, he presided over the First Zionist Congress. The Hebrew word for "Jew" is Yehudi, with the plural Yehudim. It had not been used as a mother tongue since Tannaic times. It was the language of the Israelite ancestors, the national literature, and the national religion. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population. Raizel, Dani, Mendel & Lev Give the world a chance to come together! This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. 2003. As such it was inseparable from the national identity. Although many of the ancient Jews were illiterate (as were their neighbors), their national narrative was reinforced through public readings. Dan MacGuill Published Jul 3, 2021 Image Via David Redfern/Redferns/Getty Images Advertisment: Claim: As mentioned in a popular meme about Louis Armstrong's childhood, the nickname "Satchmo" was. Jewish Family Recipes is a community cookbook that combines beloved recipes and cherished stories from esteemed chefs and restaurants with the heartwarming dishes of JFSLA's community members. [249], Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50percent,[250] in the United Kingdom, around 53percent; in France; around 30percent,[251] and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10percent. Jews wrote the Bible,[43][44] founded Christianity,[45] and had an indirect but profound influence on Islam. [224] Currently, Jews account for 75.4percent of the Israeli population, or 6million people. 35, Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province. Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 5.2million to 6.4million Jews by various estimates. [197][208], The studies also show that Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the "anusim" who were forced to convert to Catholicism), which comprise up to 19.8percent of the population of today's Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and at least 10percent of the population of Ibero-America (Hispanic America and Brazil), have Sephardic Jewish ancestry within the last few centuries. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan under Moses' successor Joshua, went through the period of the Biblical judges after the death of Joshua, then through the mediation of Samuel became subject to a king, Saul, who was succeeded by David and then Solomon, after whom the United Monarchy ended and was split into a separate Kingdom of Israel and a Kingdom of Judah. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities. In such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Additionally, while in principle Reform Judaism favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples. In Babylon, from the 7th to 11th centuries the Pumbedita and Sura academies lead the Arab and to an extant the entire Jewish world. Even if one knew no Hebrew or was illiterate, one could recognize that a group of signs was in Hebrew script. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire resulted in an independent Hasmonean kingdom, under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE. The advisory commission on the return of cultural property seized as a result of Nazi persecution especially Jewish property can be called on in disputed cases. Most found refuge in the US (particularly Los Angeles, California, and Long Island, New York) and Israel. "[9][201][202] A study showed that 7% of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found in Pashtuns and on lower scales all major Jewish groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. [187], A number of modern scholars of nationalism support the existence of Jewish national identity in antiquity. Observing Shabbat can take many forms, depending on the type of Judaism that a Jewish family may follow. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80percent of Iranian Jews left the country. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90percent of these communities leaving within a few years. When Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, the situation for Jews deteriorated rapidly. [23] The Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE ( Late Bronze Age ). [266] In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi. [157] Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by Eliezer ben Yehuda, who arrived in Palestine in 1881. Tours (/ t r / TOOR, French: ()) is one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France.It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire.The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973.. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orlans and the Atlantic coast. Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles (www.jfsla.org) is an 'extended family' that welcomes and serves people of all ages, ethnicities and religions with compassion and caring . from $107/night. [272][273], The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6million Jews. [193], Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to, Indian Jews such as the Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin Jews, and Bene Ephraim; the Romaniotes of Greece; the Italian Jews ("Italkim" or "Ben Roma"); the Teimanim from Yemen; various African Jews, including most numerously the Beta Israel of Ethiopia; and Chinese Jews, most notably the Kaifeng Jews, as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities. Tel Aviv University Drops Sackler Family Name from Medical School in Wake of Opioid Scandal. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. [213][214] In 2013, the United States and Israel were collectively home to more than 80percent of the global Jewish population, each country having approximately 41percent of the world's Jews. [128]:1113 Hellenized Judaism never developed yeshivas to study the Oral Law. Jewish Family Service (JFS) provides professional mental health and social services to anyone in need in the greater Dallas community regardless of race, religion, ethnicity or the ability to. the victims' family members, and the entire Jewish community throughout this heartbreaking trial forever be an inspiration to us all," added the congresswoman, who toured the . The term Jew is derived from Hebrew Yehudi, originally the term for the people of the Israelite kingdom of Judah. Many Nobel Prize winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.[142]. Although it was not widely spoken after the 5th century BCE, Goodblatt states:[189][190]. [180][181] Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in Algeria,[182] Morocco,[177] and the city of Tunis,[183][184] while most North Africans continue to use Arabic or Berber as their mother tongue. Middle Ages portal; Blois (/ b l w / BLWAH; French: ()) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orlans and Tours.. With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the most populated city of the department, and the 4th of the region. [261] Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. In Jewish families, given names offer clues to past generationssometimes more so than surnames. . Among those generally considered the most famous were Albert Einstein and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some Romance languages, particularly French and Spanish, are also widely used. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's), Rendsberg, Gary (2008). [296], There were also many expulsions of Jews during the Middle Ages and Enlightenment in Europe, including: 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England, see the (Statute of Jewry); in 1396, 100,000 from France; in 1421,thousands were expelled from Austria. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth. [72] Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." By comparison, just 4% of U.S. adults report that level of household income. [219], Israel, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens. [286] With regard to Israel, Tiglath-Pileser III claims he deported 80% of the population of Lower Galilee, some 13,520 people. Cults are a reliable source of audience for most streamers, and "The Way Down" is just as hard to look away from as "The Vow . [221] Of the 120 members in its parliament, the Knesset,[222] as of 2016[update], 14 members of the Knesset are Arab citizens of Israel (not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. 4. [citation needed], The Jewish people and Judaism have experienced various persecutions throughout Jewish history. [229] This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and North America. Jewish rituals feature as prominently as carnage in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial; Tree of Life rabbi: Shame on you, America - you let antisemitism grow . Conversion is not encouraged by mainstream Judaism, and it is considered a difficult task. For example, in Quebec, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. 5. They may include pedigree charts, correspondence, ancestor lists, research exchange . Audio will be available after the broadcast. Shatzmiller, Joseph. [298], During the 19th century, France's policies of equal citizenship regardless of religion led to the immigration of Jews (especially from Eastern and Central Europe). We offer a wide variety of opportunities for you to get involved in supporting our work. [254][255], According to James Carroll, "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. 9) "The Way Down," dir. The Twelve Tribes are described as descending from the twelve sons of Jacob. [110] In contrast, Judah, with its capital in Jerusalem, was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. Yizkor, or memorial books. Other times they may question whether they really belong. [209][206][210][202] Views on the Lemba have changed and genetic Y-DNA analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population but have been unable to narrow this down further. Converts to Judaism typically have a status within the Jewish ethnos equal to those born into it. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the Final Solutionan extensive, organized effort with an unprecedented scope intended to annihilate the Jewish peoplebegan, and resulted in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and North Africa. 1718, 9495; Stillman (1979), p. 27, an indirect but profound influence on Islam, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple, History of European Jews in the Middle Ages, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur, The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute, antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist, Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society, "Jews Are the Genetic Brothers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese", "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry", "Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica", Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. [238] The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. [citation needed], Outside Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, and the rest of Asia, there are significant Jewish populations in Australia (112,500) and South Africa (70,000). p. 714. [199] Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. [144] "[267][bettersourceneeded], Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. [197][198], Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. A Abravanel family (8 P) Abuhatzeira family (5 P) Alexander family (Croatia) (7 P) Jewish-American families (167 C, 22 P) Ashkenazi families (4 C) Austerlitz family (2 P) Jewish-Austrian families (7 C, 1 P) B Berggruen family (5 P) Bonnier family (1 C, 10 P) British Jewish families (37 C, 12 P) C House of Camondo (7 P) (JTA) - James Crown, a Chicago billionaire and major donor to Jewish causes, died Sunday in a crash at a racetrack in Colorado while celebrating his 70th birthday. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. [116] The exile ended with the return under Zerubbabel the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of David) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the Second Temple in the period 521516 BCE. According to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe of Judah and the kingdom of Judah derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The prehistory and ethnogenesis of the Jews are closely intertwined with archaeology, biology, and historical textual records, as well as religious literature and mythology. [70] Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged. [231], The waves of immigration to the United States and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of Zionism and later events, including pogroms in Imperial Russia (mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present-day Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and eastern Poland), the massacre of European Jewry during the Holocaust, and the founding of the state of Israel, with the subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands, all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century. This chapter strives to contribute to that understanding. [citation needed], For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Many of these Jews settled in East-Central Europe, especially Poland. [211][212], Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada (315,000), Argentina (180,000300,000), and Brazil (196,000600,000), and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America). [296], In the latest phase of migrations, the Islamic Revolution of Iran caused many Iranian Jews to flee Iran. [285], Centuries later, Assyrian policy was to deport and displace conquered peoples, and it is estimated some 4,500,000 among captive populations suffered this dislocation over three centuries of Assyrian rule. [171] Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of Post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine[172][173][174][175] and Uzbekistan,[176][bettersourceneeded] as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in Azerbaijan,[177][178] Georgia,[179] and Tajikistan. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building the state and absorbing massive waves of Aliyah from all over the world. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were exiled to Babylon. [191], Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. [230], A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including Indian Jews and others, as well as some descendants of Ashkenazi Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the United States, Argentina, Australia, Chile, and South Africa. [140], The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924. [300], In summary, the pogroms in Eastern Europe,[270] the rise of modern antisemitism,[301] the Holocaust,[302] as well as the rise of Arab nationalism,[303] all served to fuel the movements and migrations of huge segments of Jewry from land to land and continent to continent until they arrived back in large numbers at their original historical homeland in Israel. ", Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. [24][25] It is not certain if a period like that of the Biblical judges occurred[94][95][96][97][98] nor if there was ever a United Monarchy. For those family members who choose to follow Jewish law as a reflection of God's will, concern for less-observant family members naturally can result. [119] In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. By. ", "World War I and the Remaking of Jewish Vilna, 19141918", "Chapter 38: Evaluating Soviet Yiddish Language Policy Between 19171950", "Messiah - Key beliefs in Judaism - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - Eduqas", Adam L. Porter, Illinois College, review of Goodblatt, David M., Elements of ancient Jewish nationalism, 2006, "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East", "Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora", "Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group", "The population genetics of the Jewish people", "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood", "The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms", "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture", "Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews", "Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa", "Israel and the U.S. are Home to More Than Four-Fifths of the World's Jews", "Jewish population in the world and in Israel", "Percent of world Jewry living in Israel climbed to 41% in 2007", "The Jewish people in 2050: 2 very different scenarios", "Population, by Religion and Population Group", "Jewish New Year: Israel's population nears 8M mark", "Israel's Jewish population passes 6 million mark", "airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews", "Israel May Be Main Topic In Next National Jewish Population Survey of the U.S.", ": 1,5 ", " ", "Mitgliederstatistik der jdischen Gemeinden und Landesverbnde: Zu und Abgnge 2012", "NJPS: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage", "Les juifs de France: La lente progression des mariages mixtes", "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", "DNA study shows 20 percent of Iberian population has Jewish ancestry", "The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population", "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates", J.