S. Cruz at Granada, Santo Domingo at Valencia and Saragossa (Martinez-Vigil, La orden de Predicadores, Barcelona, 1886). His art is scholarly, noble, and simple and imbued with a tranquil and restrained piety (Marchese, Memorie, II, 1; Franz, Fra Bartolommeo della Porta, Ratisbon, 1879; Gruyer, Fra Bartolommeo della Porta et Mariotto Albertinelli, ParisLondon, s. d.; Knapp, Fra Bartolommeo della Porta and die Schule von San Marco, Halle, 1903). The province of Spain labored for the conversion of the Arabs of the Peninsula, and in 1256 Humbert of Romans described the satisfactory results (H. de Romanis, Opera, ed. Francesco Silvestro di Ferrara (d. 1528) left a valuable commentary on the Summa contra Gentiles (Script. The distinct characteristic of their churches resulted from their sumptuary legislation which excluded decorated architectural work, save in the choir. Martin of Fano, professor of canon law at Arezzo and Modena and podesta of Genoa in 1260-2, prior to entering the order, wrote valuable canonical works. St. Louis Bertrand (d. 1581) was the great apostle of New Granada, and St. Rose of Lima (d. 1617) the first flower of sanctity in the New World (Remesal, Historia de la provincia de S. Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala, Madrid, 1619; Davila Padilla, Historia de la fundacion y discorso de la provincia de Santiago de Mexico, Madrid, 1592; Brussels, 1625; Franco, Segunda parte de la historia de la provincia de Santiago de Mexico, 1645, Mexico; reed. Four main mendicant orders, with diverse geographical and ideological origins, became influential in Britain: the Franciscans (Friars Minor), the Dominicans (Friars Preacher, or Black Friars), the Augustinian (Austin) Friars, and the Carmelites (the White Friars). Their churches varied in dimensions and richness, according to the exigencies of the place. A subsequent paragraph will deal with the various phases of the question as to the relation existing between the Sisters and the Order of Preachers. In 1256 and the ensuing years Alexander IV, at the instance of St. Raymond of Pennafort, gave a vigorous impulse to this mission (Potthast, 16,438; 17,187; 17,929). Among the most celebrated were Roland of Cremona, Hugh of Saint Cher, Richard Fitzacre, Moneta of Cremona, Peter of Tarentaise, and Robert of Kilwardby. At the same time they gave up various canonical customs, which they had retained up to that period. soc. During the Middle Ages the Order of Preachers exercised considerable activity within the boundaries of Christendom and far beyond. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the order was on the way to a genuine renaissance when the Revolutionary upheavals occurred. But as a general thing during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the popes remained much attached to the order, displaying great confidence in it, as is made manifest by the Bullarium of the Preachers. of the Inquisition of Spain, New York, 1906; Cotarelo y Valledor, Fray Diego de Deza, Madrid, 1905). The chapter appoints those who are to visit annually each part of the province. The Summa contra Catharos et Valdenses (Rome, 1743) of Moneta of Cremona, in course of composition in 1244, is the most complete and solid work produced in the Middle Ages against the Cathari and Waldenses. Armand du Prat (d. 1306) is the author of the beautiful Office of St. Louis, King of France. These great Scriptural commentaries represent theological teaching in the studia generalia. (x) Humanistic works. Second Period (1517-1909); II. He executed his plans with sureness of insight, firmness of resolution, and tenacity of purpose. Elected pope on January 8, 1198, Innocent III reformed the Roman Curia, reestablished and . Br., 1897, 170; Heyd, Die Kolonien der romischen Kirche, welche die Dominikaner and Franziskaner im 13. und 14. Formation of the Legislative Texts; B. Process of transferring data to a storage medium? Angl., III, 317, in pope (Matthew Paris, Hist. The order was solemnly approved, December 22, 1216. vv. VIII, 15; Lacordaire, Memoire pour la restauration des Freres Precheurs dans la Chretiente, Paris, 1852; P. Jacob, Memoires sur la canonicite de linstitut de St. Dominic, Beziers, 1750, tr. Ord. The Dominican masters who taught at Rome or in other cities where the sovereign pontiffs took up their residence, were known as lectores curice. In 1312 the master general, Beranger de Landore, organized the missions of Asia into a special congregation of Friers Pilgrims, with Franco of Perugia as vicar general. Nat., XXVII, 11th pt., 369, n. 6). The former compiled on the model of Aristotle a vast scientific encyclopedia which exercised great influence on the last centuries of the Middle Ages (Alberti Magni Opera, Lyons, 1651, 20 vols. The logic of things and historical circumstances frequently disturbed this equilibrium. Pried., III, 374 sqq.). In modern times the order lost much of its influence on the political powers, which had universally fallen into absolutism and had little sympathy for the democratic constitution of the Preachers. Historia, V, p. 53). Until the end of the fifteenth century the order in its three branches gave to the Church nine canonized saints and at least seventy-three blessed. Hist. cit., III, 1883, 47; Idem, La date de la mort de Benoit XI, loc. That of Hugh of Saint Cher was the first complete commentary on the Scriptures (last ed., Venice, 1754, 8 vols. How much is a 1928 series b red seal five dollar bill worth? They were, however, encouraged by ecclesiastical authority and the order eventually relinquished its early uncompromising attitude. The province of Greece, founded in 1228, occupied those territories of the empire of the East which had been conquered by the Latins, its chief center of activity being Constantinople. Of the first order (the Preachers) are St. Dominic, St. Peter of Verona, martyr, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Raymond of Pennafort, St. Vincent Ferrer, St. Antoninus of Florence. Pere Henri Didon (d. 1900) was one of the most esteemed orators of his time. Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. In regard to their legislation the first two orders are closely connected, and must be treated together. VIII, p. 768). (See the Acta Cap. Artistic works such as the dances of death and sybils allied with the prophets are greatly indebted to them (Neale, Lart religieux du XIIIB siecle, Paris, 1910; Idem, Lart religieux de la fin du moyen-rage en France, Paris, 1910). Successively other congregations obtained the privilege of the mendicants. von Florenz, II, Berlin, 1908, p. 152; Idem, Forsch. They added, on certain days, the Office of the Holy Virgin, and once a week the Office of the Dead. Gen., I, passim). A comprehensive account of the architectural work of the Dominicans in France may be found in the magnificent publication of Rohault de Fleury, Gallia Dominicana, Les couvents de Saint-Dominique en France au moyen-age (Paris, 1903, 2 vols. About the middle of the thirteenth century it also established a studium arabicum at Tunis; in 1259 one at Barcelona; between 1265 and 1270 one at Murcia; in 1281 one at Valencia. These were the first and last Dominican inquisitors general in Spain (Lea, Hist. Robert of Kilwardby (d. 1279), a holder of the old Augustinian direction, produced numerous philosophical writings. After receiving their degrees, they were assigned to different schools of the order throughout the world. ; Dominicanus orbis descriptus; Mortier, Hist. The legislation regarding studies occurs here and there in the constitutions, and principally in the Acta Capitularium Generalium, Rome, 1898, sq. The order received this, like many other pontifical commissions, only with regret. Cap. As early as 1237 the provincial, Philip, reported to Gregory IX extraordinary results obtained by the religious; the evangelization reached Jacobites and Nestorians, Maronites and Saracens (Script. The reformed orders of canons represent one aspect of this trend. The Napoleonic conquest overthrew many provinces and houses in Europe. The convents divided up the territory in which they were established, and sent out on preaching tours religious who remained for a longer or shorter time in the principal places of their respective districts. Dominicans The Dominicans were the second of the Mendicant Orders, and were founded by a man named St. Dominic. Mendicant Orders | Encyclopedia.com It is now regarded as a special province of the Order of Preachers, and had flourishing and select colleges in France at Oullins (1853), Soreze (1854), Arceuil (1863), Arcachon (1875), Paris (Ecole Lacordaire, 1890). Jacques Barelier (d. 1673) left one of the foremost botanical works of his time, which was edited by A. de Jussieu, Icones plantarum per Galliam, Hispaniam et Italiam observatarum ad vivum exhibitarum [Paris, 1714; (Script. XV, Palermo, 1897, in Documenti per servire alla storia di Sicilia, VI). The oldest Dominican commentaries on the Sentences are those of Roland of Cremona, Hugh of Saint Cher, Richard Fitzacre, Robert of Kilwardby, and Albertus Magnus. The first pre-Lutheran German translation of the Bible, except the Psalms, is due to John Rellach, shortly after the middle of the fifteenth century. Bartolommeo Petit of Bologna, Bishop of Maragha, assisted by John of Kerni. The teaching Dominicans now have the College Lacordaire at Buenos Aires, Champittet at Lausanne (Switzerland), and San Sebastian (Spain). The capitulants (members of the chapter), choose from among themselves, four counsellors or assistants, who, with the provincial, regulate the affairs brought before the chapter. During the modern period the Preachers remained faithful to the spirit of their organization. des Maltres Generaux, I-V, passim). In the last two publications will be found historical and bibliographical information concerning the history of the Preachers during the contemporaneous period. f. Get an answer. Finally by their teaching and religious activity they often exercised a profound influence on the direction and inspiration of art. Interest in the humanity of Christ and the desire to live the apostolic life in imitation of him influenced religious orders in the 12th century. Sites associated with this order. We have indicated above the various steps by which the legislation of the Dominican Sisters was brought into conformity with the Constitutions of Humbert of Romans (1259). The Brothers and the Sisters have, on different days, a monthly reunion in the church of the Preachers, when they attend Mass, listen to an instruction, and to an explanation of the rule. The literary activity of the Preachers of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries was not confined to the theological movement noticed above, but shared in the general movement of erudition in the sacred sciences. Jerome of Moravia, about 1250, composed a Tractatus de Musica (Paris, Bib. Pried., I, pp. In the fifteenth century the Preachers occupied in several universities chairs of philosophy, especially of metaphysics. The Summa Confessorum of John of Freiburg (d. 1314) is, according to F. von Schulte, the most perfect product of this class of literature. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history. The Friars had to vow themselves to the salvation of souls through the ministry of preaching and confession, under the conditions set down by the Gospel and by the example of the Apostles: ardent zeal, absolute poverty, and sanctity of life. : Script., XXII). The Friars Preachers were especially authorized by the Roman Church to preach crusades, against the Saracens in favor of the Holy Land, against Livonia and Prussia, and against Frederick II, and his successors (Bull. Potthast, op. Brother Humbert was the architect of the church and convent of Bonn, as well as of the stone bridge across the Aar, in the Middle Ages the most beautiful in the city (Howald, Das Dominikaner-Kloster in Bern von 1269-1400, Bern, 1857). The Preachers were also engaged in translating the Bible into the vernacular. des 14. and 15. Roman Catholicism - Religious Orders, St. Bernard, Mendicant Preachers Thomas did not fear these new ideas, but, like his master Albertus Magnus (and Roger Bacon, also lecturing at Paris), he studied the works of Aristotle and eventually lectured publicly on them. des tribunaux de linquisition en France Paris, 1893; Idem, Documents pour servir a Ihist. By preaching it reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, paganism, by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia, passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. cit.). Cap. The first three parts were finished in 1324 and the fourth in 1329. Its members include friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay Dominicans. Pried., I, 239; R. Fried-rich, Vincentius von Beauvais als Padagog nach seiner Schrift De eruditione filiorum regalium, Leipzig, 1883). The commentaries of Bl. Parasparopagraho Jivanam : ), also known as , was the 24th (supreme preacher) of Jainism. Ord. cit., p. 150). In the thirteenth century the order did not recognize any mastership of theology other than that received at Paris. Rom., Papal Register of the XIII cent. The order was conspicuous by the number and influence of the Dominican bishops and theologians who took part in the Council of Trent. The French monarchy sought most of its confessors during the Middle Ages from the Order of Preachers (Chapotin, A travers lhistoire dominicaine: Les princes frangais du Moyen Age et lordre de Saint Dominique, Paris, 1903, p. 207; Idem, Etudes historiques sur la province dominicaine de France, Paris, 1890, p. 128). Franciscans - Wikipedia Bellovacensis, Speculum historiale, 1. b. XXI, 42; Tamarati, LEglise Georgienne des origines jusque nos jours, Rome, 1910, 430). St. Raymond of Penaforte (1238-1240), the greatest canonist of the age, ruled the order only long enough to reorganize its legislation. Conformably to its mission, the order displayed an enormous activity. Read; Edit; Edit source; View history; More. It was edited in Denifle, Archiv., V, 553; Acta Capitulorum Generalium, I (Rome, 1898), II, 13, 18, in Monum. J. Schwalm, Gottingen, 1895; cf. The habit of the Preachers, as of the regular canons, is a white tunic and a black cloak. The particular conditions prevailing in Spain brought about the reestablishment of the Inquisition with new duties for the inquisitor general. Ord. Martin the Pole, called Martin of Troppau (d. 1279), in the third quarter of the thirteenth century composed his chronicles of the popes and emperors which were widely circulated and had many continuators (Mon. and Kirchengesch., II, 226 sqq.). Nevertheless the Holy See understood the desire of the Preachers; several provinces of Christendom ceased to be administered by them and were confided to the Friars Minor, viz., the Pontifical States, Apulia, Tuscany, the March of Trevisa and Slavonia, and finally Provence (Potthast, 11,993, 15,330, 15,409, 15,410, 18,895, 20,169; Tanon, Hist. des Ecoles Francaises dAthenes et de Rome). The Reform Parties; . It seems to have reached its greatest numerical development during the seventeenth century. Whilst the Institutions of St. Sixtus provided a group of brothers, priests, and lay servants for the spiritual and temporal administration of the monastery, the Constitutions of Humbert of Romans were silent on these points. Bernard Guidonis is the first medieval historian who had a wide sense of historical documentation (Rer. der Quellen and Literatur des Canonischen Rechts, II, passim]. The anonymous chronicles of Colmar in the second half of the thirteenth century have left us valuable historical materials which constitute a sort of history of contemporary civilization (Mon. Towards the end of the fifteenth century Frederico Frezzi, who died as Bishop of Foligno (1416), composed in Italian a poem in the spirit of the Divina Commedia and entitled II Quadriregio (Foligno, 1725); (cf. Ord. The master taught the text of the Holy Scriptures with commentaries. These were borrowed in great part from the Constitutions of Premontre, but with some essential features, adapted to the purposes of the new Preachers, who also renounced private possession of property, but retained the revenues. What is the relationship between Commerce and economics? It gives evidence of its authors profound classical learning and impassioned love for Graeco-Roman culture. He displayed enormous activity, and his friend and disciple, Giovanni Vicenzo Patuzzi (d. 1769), defended him in a series of vigorous writings. Finally Matteo Bandello (d. 1555), who was called the Dominican Boccacio, is regarded as the first novelist of the Italian Cinquecento and his work shows what an evil influence the Renaissance could exert on churchmen (Masi Matteo Bandello o vita italiana in un novelliere del cinquecento, Bologna, 1900). The reform movement begun in 1390 by Raymond of Capua established the principle of a twofold arrangement in the order. Ord. The primitive regime of poverty, which left the convents without an assured income, created also a permanent difficulty. Jahrhunderts in Kampfe urn die Pfarr-Rechte, Essen-Ruhr, 1900). The province of the Holy Land was the starting point for the evangelization of Asia during the thirteenth century. For a long time, it is true, the reformed convents were not separated from their respective provinces; but with the foundation of the congregation of Lombardy, in 1459, a new order of things began. Ord. Besides the Sentences the usual work of bachelors in the Universities included Disputationes and Quodlibeta, which were always the writings of masters. Thence they branched out into Armenia and Persia. Martin of Troppau, Bishop of Gnesen, composed (1278) a Tabula decreti commonly called Margarita Martiniana, which received wide circulation. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and of Holland, and in the reforms of Savonarola at Florence. 5102, fol. rerum expectandarum et fugendarum (London, 1690, p. 185). What does it mean to call a minor party a spoiled? The chief manual of confessors is that of Paul of Hungary composed for the Brothers of St. Nicholas of Bologna (1220-21) and edited without mention of the author in the Bibliotheca Casinensis (IV, 1880, 191) and with false assignment of author-ship by R. Duellius, Miscellan. Several German emperors were much attached to the order, nevertheless the Preachers did not hesitate to enter into conflict with Frederick II and Louis of Bavaria when these princes broke with the Church (Opladen, Die Stellung der deutschen Konige zu den Orden im dreizethnten Jahrhundert Bonn, 1908; Paulus, Thomas von Strassburg and Rudolph von Sachsen. Gen. I, 125; Script. The mendicant orders and vernacular Irish learning in the late medieval period . i-xv; II, pp. Brother Paschal of Rome executed interesting sculptural works, e.g. der Geschellschaft fur altere deutsche Geschictskunde, XXX, 1905, 447). Praed., Rome, 1695; Paichelli, Vita del Rmo P. F. Giov. The Constitutions are edited in Analecta, Ord. ; Manoel de Lima, Agiologio dominico, Lisbon, 1709-54, 4 vols. In 1910 the order had twenty archbishops or bishops, one of whom, Andreas Fruhwirth, formerly master general (1892-1902), is Apostolic nuncio at Munich (Sanvito, Catalogus omnium provinciarum sacri ordinis praedicatorum, Rome, 1910; Analecta O.P., Rome, 1893; LAnnee Dominicaine, Paris, 1859-). The monumental work of Albertus Magnus is unfinished. des Maitres generaux de lordre des Freres Precheurs, I, 88). He wandered as a mendicant through the most heretical districts of Languedoc for three years (1205-8 . This province still existed in the eighteenth century [Eubel, Die wahrend des 14. . 238, 368; Beyssac, Les Prieurs de Notre Dame de Confort, Lyons, 1909; Chart. (l) The Preachers and the Foreign Missions, (a) Geographical Distribution and Statistics. Several theologians of the order adopted, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, the theory of moral probability; but in consideration of the abuses which resulted from these doctrines, the General Chapter of 1656 condemned them, and after that time there were no more Probabilists among the Dominicans. We speak only of the school of philosophy and of theology created by them in the thirteenth century which has been the most influential in the history of the Church. The learned and active members tended to exempt themselves from monastic observance, or to moderate its strictness; the ascetic members insisted on the monastic life, and in pursuance of their aim, suppressed at different times the practice of dispensation, sanctioned as it was by the letter and the spirit of the Constitutions [Const. But the two classical works of the Middle Ages on inquisitorial law are that of Bernard Guidonis composed in 1321 under the title of Directorium Inquisitionis hereticae pravitatis (ed. The episcopate had no share in this, and the church supported with all its strength the rights and privileges of the order, which emerged victorious (Mandonnet, Siger de Brabant, I, 70, 90; Perrod, Etude sur la vie et les oeuvres de Guillaume de Saint-Amour in Memoires de la societe demulation de Jura, Lons-le-Saunier, 1902, p. 61; Seppelt, Der Kampf der Bettelorden an der Universitat Paris in der Mitte des 13. He did not commentate, but read and interpreted the glosses which preceding ages had added to the Scriptures for a better understanding of the text. XIV, Bologna, 1896); Nicholas of Butrinto (1313), author of the Relatio de Henrici VII imperatoris itinere italico (ed. However, when they thought it their duty to apply the decree of the council, or when later they were obliged by the Roman Church to do so, they frequently called in a Dominican master to fill the chair of their metropolitan school. (Cf. The monastic-canonical element tended to dull and paralyze the intense activity demanded by a clerical-apostolic life. Demetrius Cydonius translated the Propugnaculum into Greek in the fourteenth century and Luther translated it into German in the sixteenth (Mandonnet, Fra Riccoldo di Monte Croce, pelerin en Terre Sainte et missionnaire en Orient in Revue Biblique, I, 1893, 44; Grabmann, Die Missionsidee bei den Dominikanertheologien des 13. The doctor gives lectures in theology, at which all the religious, even the prior, must be present, and which are open to secular clerics. The same province also established some schools for the study of Hebrew at Barcelona in 1281, and at Jativa in 1291. Their history may be divided into three periods: (1) The Middle Ages . in Bib. The first province, with San Domingo and the neighboring islands for its territory, was erected, under the name of the Holy Cross, in 1530. Br., 1903). u. Kirchengesch, II, p. 641; Pfeiffer, Deutsche Mystiker des vierzehnten Jahr-hundert, Leipzig, 1845; Wackernagel, Altdeutsche Predigten and Gebete aus Handschriften, Basle, 1876). In 1303 Lombardy was divided into Upper and Lower Lombardy; Provence into Toulouse and Provence; Saxony was separated from Teutonia, and Bohemia from Poland, thus forming eighteen provinces. Gen. O.P., Rome, 1892; Humberti de Romanis, Opera de vita regulari, ed. They built a number of churches with double naves and a larger number with open roofs. Hence until the end of the fifteenth century about fifteen hundred Preachers were either appointed or translated to dioceses or archdioceses, among them men remarkable for their learning, their competent administration, their zeal for souls, and the holiness of their lives. Theol., VII, 10). The primitive type of religious established at Prouille in 1205 by St. Dominic was not affected by successive legislation. The modern period consists of the three centuries between the religious revolution at the beginning of the sixteenth century (Protestantism) and the French Revolution with its consequences. Are you allowed to carry food into indira gandhi stadium? The religious vow themselves to preaching, both within and without the convent walls. Works on the government of countries were also produced by members of the order; among them are the treatises of St. Thomas De rege et regno, addressed to the King of Cyprus (finished by Bartolommeo of Lucca), and the De regimine subditorum, composed for the Countess of Flanders. At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. Primarily established under a regime of evangelic poverty, the order took severe measures to avoid in its churches all that might suggest luxury and wealth. The theological summa of St. Antoninus is highly esteemed by moralists and economists (Ilgner, Die Volkswirtschaftlichen Anschaungen Antonins von Florenz, Paderborn, 1904). Thus, early forms of The chronicle of Jacopo da Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa (d. 1298) is much esteemed (Rer. The Dominican Third Order received new approbation from Boniface IX, January 18, 1401, and on April 27 of the following year the pope published its rule in a Bull, whereupon its development received a fresh impetus. Ord. The French monarchy was much attached to them. eccles. ad ann. cit. Dominic (Paris, 1899); Mothon, Vie du B. Jourdain de Saxe (Paris, 1885); Reichert, Das Itinerar des zweiten Dominikaner-generals Jordanis von Sachsen in Festschrift des Deutschen Campo Santo in Rom (Freiburg, 1897), 153; Mothon, Vita del B. Giovanini da Vercelli (Vercelli, 1903); Mortier, Histoire des Maltres Generaux, I-V]. From the accession of Gregory IX the appointment of Dominicans to dioceses and archdioceses became an ordinary thing. The order, ruled at that time by Hugh de Vansseman (1333-41), resisted with all its strength (1337-40). II, 169-455; of Beauvais constitute the largest encyclopedia of the Douais, Un nouveau manuscrits de Bernard Gui in Notices et manuscrits de la Bib. They assist the infirm, the dying, and those who make their wills. The progress of heresy cost it six or seven provinces and several hundreds of convents, but the discovery of the New World opened up a fresh field of activity. Those universities, like Paris, Toulouse etc., which from the beginning had chairs of theology, incorporated the Dominican conventual school which was patterned on the schools of the studia generalia. In his letter of August 27, 1257, Alexander IV ordered Humbert of Romans, the fifth master general, to unify the Constitutions of the Sisters. These houses of the observance formed a confederation among themselves under the jurisdiction of a special vicar. of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, New YorkLondon, 1888, French tr., Paris, 1900; Fredericq, Corpus documentorum Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis Neerlandicae, Ghent, 1900; Amabile, Il santo officio della Inquizione in Napoli, Citta di Castello, 1892; Canzons, Hist. One of the bachelors read and commentated the Book of Sentences. Germ. diplomat., p. 28; Mandonnet, Les regles et le gouvernement de lOrdo de Poenitentia au XIIIe siecle (Paris, 1902); Mortier, Histoire des Maltres Generaux des Freres Precheurs, II (Paris, 1903), 220. . Ord. Hist. The aim of the order and the conditions of its environment determined the form of its organization. de la mission dominicaine en Mesopotamie et Kurdistan, in Analecta O.P., III, 271). Library : The Mendicant Orders | Catholic Culture Jahrhundert in dem von der Tataren beherrschten Landern Asiens and Europas gregriindet haben in Zeitschrift fur die historische Theologie, 1858; Tournebize, Hist. At the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century, Dietrich of Vriberg left an important philosophical and scientific work (Krebs, Meister Dietrich, sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Wissenschaft, Munster, 1906). Reichert, 141, 143, 209). The prototype of this monumental work is preserved at Rome in the general archives of the order (Script. The order, closely connected with the events of the Reformation in German countries, faced the revolutionary movement as best it could, and by preaching and writing deserved what Dr. Paulus has said of it: It may well be said that in the difficult conflict through which the Catholic Church had to pass in Germany in the sixteenth century no other religious order furnished in the literary sphere so many champions, or so well equipped, as the Order of St. Dominic (Die deutschen Dominikaner in Kampfe gegen Luther, 1518-1563, Freiburg i.
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